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image Image Table showing genes linked to Parkinson’s disease, with inheritance patterns, clinical phenotypes, and gene functions like mitochondrial or lysosomal roles.

Table showing genes linked to Parkinson’s disease, with inheritance patterns, clinical phenotypes, and gene functions like mitochondrial or lysosomal roles.

Genes known to be associated with Parkinson’s disease

Genetic research has identified several high- and variable-penetrance genes associated with Parkinson’s disease, including SNCA, PINK1, PRKN, and GBA.

03.06.2025 Parkinson’s Disease

image Image Detailed diagram showing how mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in Parkinson’s disease, including mitophagy initiation, mtDNA maintenance, oxidative stress, and activation of glial cells. Educational resource from Neurotorium.org.

Detailed diagram showing how mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in Parkinson’s disease, including mitophagy initiation, mtDNA maintenance, oxidative stress, and activation of glial cells. Educational resource from Neurotorium.org.

The importance of mitochondria in Parkinson’s disease

Mitochondria play a critical role in Parkinson’s disease. Discover how mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and genetic variations drive PD pathology.

03.06.2025 Parkinson’s Disease

image Image Illustration showing evidence for the role of neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease, including immune system dysfunction, activated microglia, altered gut flora, genetic immune variations, and reduced PD risk from anti-inflammatory medication. Created for educational use on Neurotorium.org.

Evidence for the role of neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease

Emerging evidence supports a strong link between immune system dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and the development of Parkinson’s disease.

03.06.2025 Parkinson’s Disease

image Image Illustration of cellular mechanisms involved in GBA1 mutations and their role in Parkinson’s disease, including ER stress, lysosomal dysfunction, lipid alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Created for educational use on Neurotorium.org.

Illustration of cellular mechanisms involved in GBA1 mutations and their role in Parkinson’s disease, including ER stress, lysosomal dysfunction, lipid alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. Created for educational use on Neurotorium.org.

GBA1 functions in the cell and Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis

The GBA1 gene plays a central role in cellular function and Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. Explore how GBA1 mutations lead to dysfunction and neuroinflammation.

03.06.2025 Parkinson’s Disease

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