Index for
slide deck
Introduction
Epidemiology and burden
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
Depression can be defined based on the World Health Organization’s ICD-11 classification system or the American Psychiatric Association’s DSM-5-TR system.2,3
References:
Epidemiology of MDD
Epidemiology of MDD
The global prevalence of MDD by sex and time
GBD 2021 is a comprehensive international effort that includes the estimation of prevalence, incidence and health burden for 371 diseases and injuries for 204 countries and territories. One iteration of the study was conducted in 2021 – the GBD 2021 – estimating the preva…
The global prevalence of MDD by sex and age
The slide shows the prevalence rates of major depressive disorder by age and sex.1,2
References:
2.American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statisti…
The prevalence of MDD by location
The slide shows the prevalence of major depressive disorder across the world.
Reference:
Burden of MDD
Burden of MDD
Estimating the global burden of MDD
One approach to estimating the burden of disease is to calculate disability-adjusted life years – the sum of the non-fatal burden of a disease or condition, and the fatal burden of that disease or condition.1,2
References:
The global burden due to MDD in 2021
Major depressive disorder is a burdensome condition.1,2
References:
Variation in MDD burden by age and sex in 2021
The slide shows the DALYs attributable to major depressive disorder by age and sex.1,2
References:
Variations in MDD burden by location in 2021
The slide shows the variation in DALYs attributable to major depressive disorder across the world.1,2
References:
Variations in MDD DALYs across time
Globally, MDD DALY counts and age-standardized rates increased between 1990 and 2021.1,2 However, between 1990–2019, this increase appears to be largely driven by population growth with very little change in the age standardized DALY rate.1,2 In the years 2020 and 2021 th…
Impact of COVID-19 on the prevalence and burden of MDD
The COVID-19 pandemic had a profound global impact on healthcare systems, as shown by this analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study data.1
References:
MDD DALY ranking by world region in 2021
The slide shows DALYs attributable to major depressive disorder ranked within the top 20 leading causes of DALYs across the world.1.2
References:
MDD YLD ranking by world region in 2021
The slide shows YLDs from major depressive disorder ranked within the top 7 leading cause of YLDs across world regions.1,2
References:
Other societal impacts of MDD
Beyond the burden that major depressive disorder places on the individual, there is a wider societal impact as described on the slide.1-4
References:
Drivers of prevalence and burden of MDD
GBD 2021 explored intimate partner violence, childhood sexual abuse, and bullying victimization as risk factors for MDD.9 Combined, these explained 16.1% (8.6–24.5%) of total MDD DALYs globally in 2021.9 But not all individual- and population-level stressors of MDD have b…
Emerging drivers of MDD for further research
Assessing the changes in the global prevalence of disease, including major depressive disorder, that may occur because of various emerging risk factors such as those shown on the slide, is a priority area within the GBD framework, as well as more broadly within psychiatri…
Related content
One hypothesis of the cycle of anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure) in patients with depression is illustrated in this image; this hypothesis comes from a series of experiments performed on a sample of psychology students.
As adjunctive treatment in MDD, some dopamine–serotonin receptor antagonists are associated with sedating side effects, while others are more often associated with ‘activating’ side effects.